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Analysis

Former President Mohammad Khatami: Regime Reform or Destruction

The September 5 edition of the Iran Media Review highlights a forceful call for political reform by former President Mohammad Khatami.

Ali Alfoneh

3 min read

Mohammad Khatami, who served as Iran’s president from 1997 to 2005, was mockingly called “Ayatollah Gorbachev” by regime hard-liners, a reference to the Soviet leader whose reforms accelerated public demands for change and led to the undoing of the Soviet Union. Breaking almost two decades of political silence, Khatami is once again urging Iran to reform itself or brace for total destruction.

  • August 23: Addressing the Council of Muslim Political Prisoners Imprisoned Prior to the Revolution, Khatami said, as quoted by reformist Ensaf News:
    • “Political regimes must have the ability to reform themselves.” The inability of regimes to correct themselves, Khatami said, “harms Islam, the people, and Iran itself, which will be dealt irreparable damage.”
    • Calling the middle class the “engine of society,” Khatami asked: “Where is the middle class? A part of it has been suppressed to the level of the unprivileged classes. Some emigrated, and the rest who have remained in the country are struggling with all sorts of problems.”
    • Using uncharacteristically strong words to attack President Ebrahim Raisi and the practice of political filtering of candidates, Khatami continued: “The people are not slaves. Bring someone to office who is capable of doing the job and answering the needs of the people. Now, if you say, ‘We are in power, and this is the way it is’ – well, why do you do it in the name of Islam?”
    • Looking back at the 1979 referendum in which the vast majority of Iranian voters voted in favor of the establishment of the Islamic Republic, Khatami asked: “What if we had told people that this republic on the ballot neither respects the vote of the people nor popular sovereignty. It is a republic in which the Parliament has no meaning. Would the people have voted for such a regime? Is the ‘Islamic’ that appears as the prefix to our ‘Republic’ the same as the Islam explained in Neauphle-le-Chateau?” referencing Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini’s statements while in exile in France. “This Islam, meaning this particular interpretation of Islam” dominant in the Islamic Republic today, “is not compatible with republicanism, democracy, and the rule of the people. This is the root cause of all inefficacies.”
    • Concluding his remarks, Khatami said: “We do not regret the revolution, nor am I dismissing the Islamic Republic, but we are saying that the present state of affairs is far from the Islamic Republic … A regime whose goals are not development, welfare, and justice – in the real meaning of the word – will not last. As I have said before: If you do not reform yourself, your destruction is assured.”
    • Asked about parliamentary elections in a question and answer session, Khatami said: “Elections are held for the sake of the people, and elections must be real. You can’t bind someone’s hands and feet and say, ‘Swim’! When all the doors are shut and large parts of the people do not have any candidate” representing their viewpoints, “for whom should the people vote?”

The views represented herein are the author's or speaker's own and do not necessarily reflect the views of AGSI, its staff, or its board of directors.

Ali Alfoneh

Senior Fellow, AGSI

Analysis

Political Life and Legacy of Iran’s Ayatollah Khamenei

Ayatollah Ali Khamenei was killed in his office in Tehran at age 86, leaving behind a country in ruins and on the verge of civil war and potential disintegration.

Ali Alfoneh

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In this photo released by an official website of the office of the Iranian supreme leader, Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei speaks in a meeting in Tehran, Iran, February 17. (Office of the Iranian Supreme Leader via AP)

Iranian Regime Fighting for Survival

Iran is signaling that it will not absorb attacks passively. But whether this strategy ensures the regime’s survival, seals its fate, or accelerates a broader catastrophe will shape the region for years to come.

Ali Alfoneh

4 min read

Smoke rises on the skyline after an explosion in Tehran, Iran, February 28. (AP Photo)

Iran’s 2025-26 Protests in Perspective

The erosion of the regime’s legitimacy across broad segments of society, combined with the breadth of the 2025-26 protest coalition, raises the possibility that a new confrontation could trigger renewed anti-regime mobilization.

Ali Alfoneh

9 min read

In this photo obtained by The Associated Press, Iranians attend an anti-government protest in Tehran, Iran, Jan. 8. (UGC via AP)

Protests in Iran: Regime Deal With Trump or Degrade Toward Collapse?

Though the Iranian regime is facing increasing pressure from protesters and armed insurgent groups, it is not yet doomed – but without a deal with the United States, the regime is likely headed for a slow collapse.

Ali Alfoneh

5 min read

Protesters march on a bridge in Tehran, Iran, Dec. 29, 2025. (Fars News Agency via AP, File)
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Events

Mar 2, 2026

After the Shock: Implications of the U.S.–Israeli Strikes and Iran’s Leadership Transition

On March 2, AGSI hosted a discussion on the U.S.-Israeli strikes on Iran.

Smoke rises following an explosion, after Israel and the U.S. launched strikes on Iran, in Tehran, Iran, March 1. (Majid Asgaripour/WANA via REUTERS)
Smoke rises following an explosion, after Israel and the United States launched strikes on Iran, in Tehran, Iran, March 1. (Majid Asgaripour/WANA via REUTERS)

Jan 8, 2026

Outlook 2026: Prospects and Priorities for U.S.-Gulf Relations in the Year Ahead

On January 8, AGSI hosted a virtual roundtable with its leadership and scholars as they look ahead and assess trends likely to shape the Gulf region and U.S. foreign policy during the coming year. 

Secretary of State Marco Rubio attends a meeting with the foreign ministers of the Gulf Cooperation Council states as part of the 80th session of the United Nations General Assembly at the Lotte Palace Hotel in New York, September 24. (AP Photo/Stefan Jeremiah, Pool)
Secretary of State Marco Rubio attends a meeting with the foreign ministers of the Gulf Cooperation Council states as part of the 80th session of the United Nations General Assembly at the Lotte Palace Hotel in New York, September 24. (AP Photo/Stefan Jeremiah, Pool)

Sep 16, 2025

Book Talk: Iran’s Grand Strategy: A Political History

On September 16, AGSI hosted a discussion on the roots of Iran's strategic outlook.

Women carry Iranian flags under the Azadi (freedom) monument tower during a rally commemorating the anniversary of the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Tehran, Iran, Feb. 10. (AP Photo/Vahid Salemi)
Women carry Iranian flags under the Azadi (freedom) monument tower during a rally commemorating the anniversary of the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Tehran, Iran, Feb. 10. (AP Photo/Vahid Salemi)

Jun 23, 2025

U.S. Strike on Iran: Regional and Diplomatic Fallout

On June 23, AGSI hosted a discussion on the United States' attack on Iranian nuclear sites.

President Donald J. Trump speaks from the East Room of the White House in Washington, June 21, after the U.S. military struck three Iranian nuclear and military sites, as Vice President JD Vance, Secretary of State Marco Rubio, and Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth listen. (Carlos Barria/Pool via AP)
President Donald J. Trump speaks from the East Room of the White House in Washington, June 21, after the U.S. military struck three Iranian nuclear and military sites, as Vice President JD Vance, Secretary of State Marco Rubio, and Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth listen. (Carlos Barria/Pool via AP)
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